The later wars of Ramesses II (Years 8 to 15). Following Kadesh, Ramesses led or despatched further campaigns into Canaan and Syria. These battles are documented on his temple walls, preserving some details of the geopolitical situation.
The King launched a series of raids into Amurru and “Qode,” a term for central Syria. He started doing this around Year 8 (recorded at the Ramesseum), but further campaigns progressed over the following years. In at least one case, we learn that Ramesses’ raids coincided (or were prompted by?) the death of a rival. The cost to the Syrian people and their homelands was, apparently, immense. In this episode we explore these “lost campaigns.”
Music: Ancient Lyric and Luke Chaos.
Bibliography
Abo-Eleaz, M. (2017). The Egyptian Role in Ulluza During the Second Millenium B.C. Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, 7, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2017.6826
Gaballa, G. A. (1969). Minor War Scenes of Ramesses II at Karnak. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 55, 82–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/3856003
Heinz, S. C. (2001). Die Feldzugsdarstellungen des Neuen Reiches: Eine Bildanalyse. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
James, A. (2000). Egypt and Her Vassals: The Geopolitical Dimension. In R. Cohen & R. Westbrook (Eds.), Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations (pp. 112–124). Johns Hopkins University Press.
James, F. W., & McGovern, P. E. (1993). The Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan: A Study of Levels VII and VIII (Vols. 1–2). The University Museum.
Kitchen, K. A. (1964). Some New Light on the Asiatic Wars of Ramesses II. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 50, 47–70. https://doi.org/10.2307/3855742
Kitchen, K. A. (1975). Ramesside Inscriptions Historical and Biographical (Vols. 1–8). Blackwell. https://archive.org/details/KennethA.KitchenRamessideInscriptionsVol1
Kitchen, K. A. (1982). Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt. Aris & Phillips.
Kitchen, K. A. (1993a). Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Notes and Comments (Vols. 1–2). Blackwell.
Kitchen, K. A. (1993b). Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Translations (Vols. 1–7). Blackwell.
Morris, E. F. (2005). The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom. Brill.
Morris, E. F. (2018). Ancient Egyptian Imperialism. Wiley.
Morschauser, S. N. (1988). The Mighty Sword of Pharaoh. Varia Aegyptiaca, 4(2), 151–164.
Obsomer, C. (2012). Ramsès II. Pygmalion.
Spalinger, A. J. (1980). Historical Observations on the Military Reliefs of Abu Simbel and Other Ramesside Temples in Nubia. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 66, 83–99. https://doi.org/10.2307/3856392
Wreszinski, W. (1988). Atlas zur altaegyptischen Kulturgeschichte. Slatkine.
Youssef, A. A.-H., Leblanc, Ch., & Maher, M. (1977). Le Ramesseum IV: les batailles de Tunip et de Dapour. Centre d’études et de documentation sur l’ancienne Égypte.
Zangani, F. (2022). Globalization and the Limits of Imperialism: Ancient Egypt, Syria, and the Amarna Diplomacy. Charles University.







