Ramesses, Muwattalli, and the Trojans(?).
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In June of 1287 BCE, the Great Kings of Hatti and Egypt were on the verge of a major confrontation. Ramesses, marching across Sinai and into Canaan, made careful preparations for his assault on Kadesh. Alas, even the best-planned campaign could not be hidden from a watchful enemy. In Hatti, Muwattalli II sent calls to his vassals, summoning them to fight. The Hittite army, and its allies, is a remarkably well-documented force…
For the Kikkuli Text of horse training, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkuli and https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/catalog/orbis:9782188.
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Bibliography
THE HITTITES
- Beal, R. H. (1992). The Organisation of the Hittite Military.
- Beckman, G. (1996). Hittite Diplomatic Texts.
- Bryce, T. (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites.
- Bryce, T. (2006). The Trojans and Their Neighbours.
- Bryce, T. R. (2007). Hittite Warrior.
- Hoffner, H. A. (2009). Letters from the Hittite Kingdom.
- Martino, S. de (Ed.). (2022). Handbook of Hittite Empire: Power Structures.
- Miller, J. L. (2013). Royal Hittite Instructions and Related Administrative Texts.
- Probst, G. F. (1977). The Kikkuli Text on the Training of Horses. https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/catalog/orbis:9782188
- Raulwing, P. (2000). Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans: Foundations and Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics.
- Raulwing, P. (2006). The Kikkuli Text (CTH 284). Some Interdisciplinary Remarks on Hittite Training Texts for Chariot Horses in the Second Half of the 2nd Millennium B.C. In A. Gardeisen (Ed.), Les Équidés dans le monde méditerranéen antique (pp. 61–75).
- Stone, D. (2023). The Hittites.
RAMESSES
- Brand, P. J. (2023). Ramesses II: Egypt’s Ultimate Pharaoh. https://www.lockwoodpress.com/product-page/ramesses-ii-egypt-s-ultimate-pharaoh-paper
- Breasted, J. H. (1903). The Battle of Kadesh: A Study in the Earliest Known Military Strategy.
- Christophe, L., Donadoni, S., & Edel, E. (1958). Abou-Simbel: Bataille de Kadech: Texte et Description Archeologique.
- Fraser, J. (2017). Kadesh-on-the-Orontes. In C. M. Furey, J. M. LeMon, B. Matz, T. Chr. Römer, J. Schröter, B. D. Walfish, & E. Ziolkowski (Eds.), Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception (Vol. 14, pp. 1203–1205). https://www.degruyter.com/database/EBR/entry/MainLemma_2574/html
- Gardiner, A. H. (1960). The Ḳadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II.
- Gnirs, A. M. (1996). Militär und Gesellschaft: Ein Beitrag zur Sozialgeschichte des Neuen Reiches.
- Goedicke, H. (1985). The “Battle of Kadesh:” A Reassessment. In H. Goedicke (Ed.), Perspectives on the Battle of Kadesh (pp. 77–121).
- Healy, M. (1993). Qadesh 1300 BC: Clash of the Warrior Kings.
- Kitchen, K. A. (1975). Ramesside Inscriptions Historical and Biographical (Vols. 1–8). https://archive.org/details/KennethA.KitchenRamessideInscriptionsVol1
- Kitchen, K. A. (1993a). Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Notes and Comments (Vols. 1–2).
- Kitchen, K. A. (1993b). Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Translations (Vols. 1–7).
- Murnane, W. J. (1985). The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak.
- Obsomer, C. (2012). Ramsès II.
- Obsomer, C. (2016). La bataille de Qadech de Ramsès II: les n’arin, sekou tepy et questions d’itinéraires. In C. Karlshausen & C. Obsomer (Eds.), De la Nubie à Qadech: La guerre dans l’Égypte ancienne (pp. 81–170).
- Servajean, F. (2012). Quatre études sur la bataille de Qadech. https://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/index.php?page=cenim&n=6
